The Egyptian Movement for Change (EMC), also known as Kefaya (Enough), was announced in 2004. Almost immediately its importance to Egyptian political life was recognized, though not understood.

In 1937, when Tawfiq al-Hakim serialized Yawmiyyat na’ib fi-l-aryaf (Diary of a Prosecutor in the Provinces) in the recently launched journal al-Riwaya (Narrative